Nepal

35% of Nepalese girls marry before age 18 and 6% marry before age 15.

7% of Nepalese boys marry before age 18.

The highest rates of child marriage for girls and women between the ages of 20-24 who were first married before age 18 are found in Province 2 (53%), Karnali Province (48%), Sudurpashchim Province (45%), Gandaki Province (41%) and Lumbini Province (40%).

The highest rates of child marriage for boys and men between the ages of 20-24 who were first married before age 18 are found in Karnali Province (25%), Sudurpashchim Province (21%), Province 2 (18%), Lumbini Province (16%) Gandaki Province and Province 1 (10%).

Women and men living in rural areas aged 20-49 are more likely to be married before the age of 18 (43% and 17% respectively) than women and men within the same age range living in urban areas (37% and 12%).

A 2017 World Bank/ICRW study estimated that ending child marriage in Nepal could see a 12.7% rise in earnings and productivity for Nepali women who married early.

Child marriage is driven by gender inequality and the belief that women and girls are somehow inferior to men and boys.

In Nepal, child marriage is also driven by:

● Level of education: In Nepal, women and men with no or basic education are more likely to be married before the age of 18 than those with secondary or higher education. For women and men age 20-49 years who were first married before the age of 18, 53% of women and 22% of men had no education, 48% of women and 19% of men had basic education and 4% of women and 3% of men had higher education.

● Poverty: Marriage is seen as a way to reduce the economic “burden” of girls on their families, especially during food insecurity. Girls living in the poorest households are more likely to marry than those living in the richest households. The payment of dowry by a bride’s family to the husband’s family remains widespread despite being illegal. Women between the ages of 20-49 from the richest households were less likely to be married before the age of 18 (25% compared to women from the second-poorest (44%) and poorest (43%) households. However, the prevalence of child marriage among men within the same age range increases as household wealth decreases. Men from the poorest households were three times more likely to be married before the age of 18 (20%) than from the richest household (6%).

● Adolescent pregnancy: Between 2015-2020, for women and girls between the ages of 15-19, the adolescent birth rate in Nepal was 63 per 1000 girls. For married women between the ages of 20-24, 14% have had a live birth before the age of 18. For married men between the ages of 20-24, 3% had fathered a live birth before the age of 18.

● Harmful practices: Most child marriages in Nepal are arranged, and sometimes forced, by family members. In 2016, Human Rights Watch found that girls in some areas were being married off as young as 18 months of age. In some communities, family members believe they will go to heaven if they marry off girls before menstruation. There is also a persistent cultural value attached to the preservation of “girls’ purity” and shame surrounding sex outside marriage. All of this encourages girls being married early.

● Cultural norms: The practice of chhaupadi (isolating menstruating women and girls, who have to sleep in huts) is criminalised but remains widespread in some parts of Nepal. This practice makes girls more vulnerable to sexual violence and keeps them out of school, which in turn puts girls at higher risk of being married.

● Self-initiated marriage: An increasing number of girls and boys in Nepal are marrying spouses of their own choosing. These are known as “love marriages” and are sometimes used to escape abusive circumstances at home or arranged marriage. Adolescents may also elope because sex is not acceptable outside marriage. In addition, the lack of access to information about sexuality and contraception, together with stigma, may rush girls to get married if they become pregnant.

● Caste system: Children of socially marginalised dalit communities are at higher risk of being married because of discrimination and limited access to resources.

● COVID-19: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on some of the poorest households and has exacerbated the vulnerability of children. The pandemic exposed vulnerable families to loss of financial income pushing them further into poverty and social exclusion. The pandemic has left 568,000 children in need, further exposing the vulnerability of young girls and making them more susceptible to abuse and child marriage. School closures affected 8.1 million students (49% girls) which means that girls lack the agency to negotiate with their parents about early marriage and girls do not have access to reporting mechanisms or safe spaces.

● Child trafficking: 2020 UNICEF-UNFPA reports indicate that the rising number of families living in poverty has pushed families into disguising child trafficking as child marriage in order to earn money. Families are exchanging their daughters for money or small “gifts” in order to better their economic situations.

Humanitarian settings can encompass a wide range of situations before, during, and after natural disasters, conflicts, and epidemics. They exacerbate poverty, insecurity, and lack of access to services such as education, factors which all drive child marriage. Often in times of crisis, families see child marriage as a way to cope with greater economic hardship and to protect girls from increased violence.

Nepal is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world due to its location and variable climatic conditions. In Nepal, people are vulnerable to environmental hazards, including droughts, earthquakes, floods and landslides. In November 2023, Nepal was struck by a 6.4 magnitude earthquake in Jajarkot District, which killed 154 people, including 81 children, and left 2,366 people injured and 200,000 people in need of humanitarian assistance.

● Natural disasters: The 2015 earthquake in Nepal killed nearly 9,000 people and left more than 8 million affected, with 2.8 million people displaced. This led to a dramatic rise in child marriages and trafficking, specifically in the Sindhupalchowk and Dolakha districts as criminals targeted orphaned children and some families tried to protect their daughters by marrying them off. For women aged 20-24 in Sindhupalchowk, 9% were married before the age of 18, and 3% of men. In the district of Dolakha, for women aged 20-24, 7% were married before the age of 18, and 5% of men. Prior to the earthquake, the rates of child marriage within these districts were very low.

Nepal has committed to ending child, early and forced marriage by 2030 in line with target 5.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The government submitted a 2020 Voluntary National Review at the High Level Political Forum in which the government reiterated its commitment to ending child marriage and all forms of violence against women. The government has not submitted a Voluntary National Review in any High Level Political Forum since 2020.

Nepal co-sponsored the 2013 and 2023 Human Rights Council resolutions on child, early and forced marriage, and the 2022 UN General Assembly resolution on child, early and forced marriage.

Nepal ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, which the Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted to recommend the establishment of a minimum age of marriage of 18, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1991, which obligates states to ensure free and full consent to marriage.

In 2016, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed concerns about the prevalence of child marriage in Nepal and the contradictions in the legislation regarding child marriage. The Committee also recommended Nepal to assess the impact of the 2015 earthquake on girls’ vulnerability to child marriage.

In 2018, the CEDAW Committee expressed similar concerns about child marriage and urged Nepal to take measures to address this harmful practice.

During its 2020 Universal Periodic Review, Nepal noted that several policy, legislative and programmatic interventions have been put in place to eliminate child marriage, dowry, harmful practices and chhaupadi.

During its 2015 Universal Periodic Review, Nepal noted that several recommendations related to combatting early and forced marriage were already being implemented, including awareness-raising with families.

Nepal is a member of the South Asian Initiative to End Violence against Children (SAIEVAC) which adopted a regional action plan to end child marriage from 2015-2018.

Representatives of the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), including Nepal, asserted the Kathmandu Call to Action to End Child Marriage in Asia in 2014. As part of its commitment, Nepal will ensure access to legal remedies for child brides and establish a uniform minimum legal age of marriage of 18.

In 2019, at the Nairobi Summit on ICPD25, Tham Maya Thapa, Minister for Women, Children and Senior Citizen, on behalf of the Government of Nepal, committed to end all forms of violence against women and girls including child, early and forced marriage by 2030, by prioritising the enforcement of legislation and providing adequate financial resources for that purpose.

At the 2014 London Girl Summit, the government signed a charter committing to end child marriage by 2020.

Nepal is a partner country of the Global Partnership for Education (GPE) and one of 11 countries working to create child marriage-free communities by 2020 as part of the Her Choice Alliance.

In 2017, the government, in collaboration with World Vision International, launched the ‘It Takes Nepal to End Child Marriage” (2017-2023) campaign. Since the launch of the campaign, 450,000 children have been reached in 46 municipalities across 6 provinces. This campaign was successfully able to implement and achieve:

* The campaign is implemented in Udayapur, Sarlahi, Mahottari, Rautahat, Sindhuli, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Lamjung, Jumla, Kailali, Achham, Doti, Bajhang, and Kanchanpur.

* In Koshi Province, the Samriddha Pradeshka lagi Aatmanirbhar Chhori Karyakram (Independent Daughter for Prosperous Province Programme) that aimed to empower marginalised girls through a sponsored programme to end child marriage and encouraged girls to remain in education.

* In Madhesh Province[SK1] , Mukhya Mantri Beti Padhau Beti Bachau Campaign, a campaign aimed at girls’ education.

* In Bagmati Province, Pradesh ra Sthaniya Tahako Yeutai Sandesh, Balbibah Mukta Hamro Pradesh (The common slogan of the local level and the province: child marriage free- our province).

* In Lumbini Province, in 2021, the implementation of a 10-year strategy [SK2] to end child marriage in all municipalities.

* In Sudurpaschim Province, the Sanai Chhu Ma, Badhna Deu, Blabibah Haina, Padhna Deu Campaign, (I am young, let me grow; not child marriage but let me study), aims to enable local levels to assist in ending child marriage and raise awareness on the harms of child marriage.

* The Police Community Partnership Program, raising awareness against child marriage, gender-based violence, domestic abuse and human trafficking.

Nepal is a focus country of the UNICEF-UNFPA Global Programme to Accelerate Action to End Child Marriage, a multi-donor, multi-stakeholder programme working across 12 countries over four years. In 2018, the Global Programme supported almost 7500 girls to stay in school and almost 100 health posts provided adolescent girl-friendly services.

In 2022, the Global Programme to end child marriage established:

57,000 adolescent girls participated in life-skills and comprehensive sexuality education.

10.2 million girls and boys were reached through social media, conveying messages on child marriage, gender equality and the rights of adolescent girls.

48,000 girls and boys participated in educational sessions on the consequences of and alternatives to child marriage.

8,339 girls were supported to enrol or remain in primary or secondary school.

Rupantaran offers women and girls empowerment and financial skills trainings and provide advocacy training on ending child marriage. The training was able to reach 11,011 girls, providing them with peer leaders delivering life-skills sessions, and awareness raising on gender-based violence, gender equality and child marriage.

1,378 out-of-school girls received social and financial skills sessions from Rupantaran to facilitate their enrolment/re-enrolment into education.

48,617 parents and guardians received training by Rupantaran on preventing and the consequences of child marriage, harmful practices and gender-based violence.

222 children’s rights committees were established, and 219 child welfare officers were appointed to support the child protection services (which covers child marriage).

A radio-led initiative known as Rupantaran (‘transformation’) under the UNICEF-UNFPA Global Programme to End Child Marriage in Nepal was established to respond to the rising number of child marriages. The main delivery method is by using digital technology and local radio broadcasting stations to teach sessions on human rights violations such as child marriage, harmful practices, gender-based violence, caste-based violence and empowering girls. In 2020, the initiative was able to reach 40,000 listeners.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the UNICEF-UNFPA Global Programme has reached 3,533 girls, and the Rupantaran programme has reached 20,049 girls. The programme has also conducted community dialogues mobilizing young men on ending child marriage, alternatives to child marriage and gender equality. Through these dialogues, reporting of child marriages increased and in 2020, 64 cases of child marriage were registered with the police, 443 potential cases (before the marriages took place) were reported through the child helpline and 350 cases of child marriage were identified.

Between 2020-2021, UNICEF Nepal Humanitarian Action for Children Appeal (HAC) has received $8.4 million USD to meet the needs of vulnerable women and children who have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the monsoon flooding.

In November 2021, the Provincial Government of Lumbini Province and the Ministry of Law, Women, Children and Senior Citizens of Lumbini launched a strategy to end child marriage. This strategy aims to work with local governments and key stakeholders in Lumbini Province to educate and empower children and families on the importance of ending child marriage through skill-based training and community campaigns. The strategy also aims to conduct research on identifying the root causes of child marriage and relevant authorities involved in the prevention.

Since 2020, 6 provincial governments and 92 municipalities have committed to and developed action plans to end child marriage in Nepal and 51 municipalities have allocated a total of $100,000 USD towards the Rupantaran program.

The Government of Nepal launched a Chhaupadi free campaign, promoting dignified menstruation. This campaign was able to reach more than 8,500 Chhaupaid goths in two months. The government has established that December 8 will be the national day to observe ‘Dignified Menstruation.’

Following delays due to the 2015 earthquake, the government launched its National Strategy to End Child Marriage in 2016, with support from UNICEF and Girls Not Brides Nepal. The strategy aims to end child marriage by 2030, with particular focus on the most-affected districts. It has six components:

● Empower girls (including economic empowerment)

● Provide quality education for girls

● Engage men and boys

● Mobilise families and communities to change social norms

● Strengthen and provide services

● Implement laws and policies.

The government has also developed a fully costed National Action Plan (NAP) for the strategy and a monitoring and evaluation framework, but implementation has been delayed due to ongoing national and provincial elections, as the country undergoes a full decentralisation process following the creation of its new 2015 Constitution.

In 2018, Human Rights Watch warned that the implementation of the National Strategy remains stalled. However, the NAP has served as a useful advocacy tool for integrating actions to respond to child marriage through sectoral programmes including the Multisectoral Nutrition Plan (MSNP), 2018–2022.

In 2018, a new Adolescent Health and Development Strategy was endorsed by the Ministry of Health and Population with ending child marriage as one of its key targets. The strategy’s monitoring and evaluation framework includes child marriage indicators in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The government organised its own Girl Summit in Kathmandu in 2016 to reaffirm its commitment to ending child marriage by 2030 and another around International Day of the Girl in 2018. As a result, several provinces and local governments have also designed their own schemes to end harmful practices including child marriage. While province level costed plans have also been developed, their implementation has been weak due to lack of funds.

Under the Marriage Registration Act the minimum legal age of marriage in Nepal is 20 years for girls and boys. They are able to marry at 18 years with parental consent.

In 2018, the Act Relating to Children was enacted, which specifically prohibits and criminalises the act of ‘fixing the marriage’ of a child, which relates to the practice of arranging the engagement of young children in some Nepali communities.