Jordan

10% of girls in Jordan marry before age 18 and 1% marry before age 15.

Child marriage is most prevalent in Amman with 3,075 girls and 84 boys married under the age of 18 in 2017. Irbid had the second highest rates with 2,041 girls and 41 boys married, Zarqa with 2,197 girls and 53 boys married, and Balqa with 471 girls and 21 boys married.

Child marriage is driven by gender inequality and the belief that girls are somehow inferior to boys.

In Jordan, child marriage is also driven by:

● Poverty: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, poverty in Jordan has increased by 38% and 18% amongst Syrian refugees. Some families, particularly those with multiple daughters, marry them off in order to reduce their perceived economic burden and the number of mouths that they are required to feed.

● Harmful practices: Some families marry their daughters to provide them with sutra, a concept rooted in Islam but now widely accepted among faiths in Jordan. Sutra means a secure life, protection from hardship and safeguarding for a girl’s future.

● Cultural norms: A 2014 UNICEF study found that a number of Jordanian, as well as Iraqi, Syrian and Palestinian refugees considered child marriage to be acceptable in “compelling circumstances”. These included teenage pregnancy, an abusive home environment and the preservation of cultural traditions. Some Jordanian parents marry their daughters because they are concerned that the internet will expose them to undesirable behaviour that may damage future marriage prospects. Child marriage is also seen as a solution to sexual harassment that is taking place within a family. Parents believe that the younger their daughters are when they marry, the more they are protecting them.

● Religion: Some sheikh (a community leader, an elder, or governor) and Sharia court judges have expressed acceptance of child marriage, considering it to protect girls from destitution, sexual abuse and honour crimes. In July 2020, out of 17 Sharia registered marriages, 13 were child marriage cases (76%).

● Citizenship: Most refugees in Jordanian camps are of Syrian, Iraqi and Palestinian origin and are most vulnerable to child marriage. Often, these refugee girls are married to a Jordanian man by parents in the hope they will be able to move to Jordan. Parents may also marry them due to a desire to keep them safe from sexual violence, sexual harassment and insecurity within the refugee camps.

● COVID-19: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the vulnerability of children and particularly adolescent girls, which has led to an increase in child marriages in Jordan. The national statistical report of 2020 issued by the Supreme Judge Department in Jordan indicated an increase in child marriage with 7,964 cases (almost 12% of girls married under the age of 18) in comparison to 11% of girls married in 2019. 194 boys were married under the age of 18 in 2020. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has also been an increase in child marriage within the Jordanian refugee camps. In June 2020, 13 child marriages were recorded out of 16 total marriage cases in the camps. In July 2020, this number rose to 37 child marriage cases out of 65 total marriages (57%). Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in child marriages, the International Catholic Migration Commission conducted 4,938 outreach assessments within refugee and Jordanian households in northern Jordan, 2,539 of which were in Irbid. The aim of these outreach assessments was to identify children who were at risk of child marriage.

Humanitarian crises exacerbate poverty, insecurity, and lack of access to services such as education, factors which all drive child marriage. While gender inequality is a root cause of child marriage in both stable and crisis contexts, often in times of crisis, families see child marriage as a way to cope with greater economic hardship and to protect girls from increased violence.

Since the start of the Syrian crisis in 2011, Jordan has become the third largest host country of Syrian refugees. As of May 2022, there were approximately 1.3 million Syrians living in Jordan. The refugee influx has put immense pressure on Jordan’s economy and resources, and most Syrian families rely on humanitarian assistance.

Among the refugee population in Jordan, child marriage is exacerbated by:

● Displacement: A 2014 Save the Children report states that as many as 1 in 4 registered marriages in Syrian refugee communities involve a girl under the age of 18. While child marriage is not uncommon in Syria, ongoing instability has caused rates of child marriage to increase, transforming an acceptable social practice into a perceived imperative to keep young girls safe in the refugee camps, particularly against sexual violence with a view to protect the family honour. UNICEF reports that “opportunists” pretend to be sheikhs and conduct illicit marriages in Za’atari refugee camp, and some older Saudi and Jordanian men reportedly visit the camp to marry Syrian girls as young as 13. Similarly, child marriage also affects Palestinian and Iraqi refugee girls in Jordan.

● Relocation: Syrian girls marry in order to move out of refugee camps and into host communities. Among Palestinian refugees in Jerash camp, marriage to a Jordanian spouse is considered to bring greater rights and opportunities.

Jordan has committed to ending child, early and forced marriage by 2030 in line with target 5.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The government submitted a Voluntary National Review at the 2022 High Level Political Forum. In this review, the government raised that efforts are being made to address child marriage through the implementation of the National Plan to Limit the Marriage of Individuals Under the Age of 18 (2018-2022).

Jordan co-sponsored the 2014, 2018, 2020 and 2022 UN General Assembly resolutions on child, early and forced marriage.

Jordan co-sponsored the 2013 Human Rights Council resolution on child, early and forced marriage.

Jordan ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991, which the Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted to recommend the establishment of a minimum age of marriage of 18, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1992, which obligates states to ensure free and full consent to marriage.

In 2023, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed concern at the fact that judges may permit marriages to girls and boys from the age of 16 years. The Committee recommended that the government prohibit all marriages below the age of 18, without any exceptions. The Committee recommended that the government ensure that the national action plan on preventing child marriage addresses the root causes of child marriage and is adequately resourced and include an implementation plan, relevant training for professionals and awareness-raising campaigns for girls and boys.

In 2018, the CEDAW Committee expressed concern at the extent of trafficking of young Syrian refugees who were lured into prostitution with false promises of marriage and a better life. The Committee also expressed concern regarding the sale of children, child marriage and the practice of muta’a marriages, where a family receives payment for a girl, allowing her husband to sexually abuse and exploit her and the marriage be terminated at a predetermined time.

In 2017, the CEDAW Committee expressed concerns about the high number of girls as young as 15 who are married due to the extensive use of derogations from the minimum age of marriage, and the prevalence of child marriage among refugee girls, many of them in polygamous marriages. The Committee urged Jordan to prevent the practice of child marriage and conduct awareness raising campaigns about the negative consequences of such marriages.

During its 2024 Universal Periodic Review, the government stated that despite the legal minimum age of marriage under Article 10 of the Personal Status Act No. 15 of 2019 being 18 years, there are exceptional circumstances where 16-year-olds are granted permission to marry. Given this, the Institute of Sharia Law has created special training materials that are available in all sharia courts, and training courses have been held for sharia judges.

During its 2019 Universal Periodic Review, Jordan agreed to review recommendations to enforce more effective measures to end early and forced marriage, especially among refugee communities.

During its 2013 Universal Periodic Review, Jordan supported a recommendation to eliminate child marriage and limit the circumstances in which those under 18 years of age can marry.

In 2019, at the Nairobi Summit on ICPD25, Jordan committed to reduce sexual and gender-based violence by implementing legislations and the National Plan to reduce child marriage.

At the London Girl Summit in July 2014, the government signed a charter committing to end child marriage by 2020.

The Jordanian Government is building an evidence base for limiting marriages under the age of 18. Jordan is undertaking and publishing a national mixed methods research study on the drivers of child marriage. Seven governorates are the focus of this research: Mafraq, Zarqa, Irbid, Amman, Karak, Ma’an and Jerash. The findings of this report will be harmonised with the National Action Plan for Implementing the Recommendations of the “Child Marriage in Jordan” Study to Limit the Marriage of Individual under the Age of 18 in Jordan 2018 - 2022.

In the context of the humanitarian response to the Syrian refugee crisis, child marriage was identified as a priority issue by the Jordan’s Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Sub-working group. The Jordan Response Plan for the Syrian Refugee Crisis (2017-2019) also highlights that early marriage can be a negative coping mechanism for those living in camps, and the need to examine how early marriage applications are evaluated and strengthen gender sensitive and child friendly protection systems that address early marriages.

In December 2018, the Jordanian House of Representatives agreed to a minor change in the wording of the Personal Status Law, from allowing exceptions for girls who “completed 15 years of age” to those “who reached 16 years of age.” According to civil society, this minor change to the wording indicates a lack of political will to address child marriage in Jordan.

Since 2018 the Higher Council for Childhood, Ministry of Social Affairs is reportedly developing a National Strategy on Child Marriage, following completion of a 2017 study on the economic and social drivers of child marriage.

In 2016, the National Committee on Child Marriage was established by the Family Protection Department. The main aim of this committee was to ensure a cross-sectorial response to child marriage, specifically at a policy level.

In November 2013, an Early Marriage Task Force was established to reduce and mitigate the consequences of child marriage and to establish referral pathways for Syrian and Jordanian girls to receive medical, legal and psychosocial support.

The Higher Population Council, the Jordanian National Commission for Women, UN Women, UNICEF, UNHCR and UNFPA are implementing a joint project to end child marriage in Jordan.

Under the Jordanian Personal Status law, the minimum legal age for marriage is 18 years. However, children below the age of 16 can receive judicial consent to marry before the age of 16.

In 2017, new regulations were introduced providing an exception to the legal minimum age of marriage. Marriages are now permitted if there is no more than a 15 year age difference between bride and groom. This exception only applies if the groom has no other wives, and the bride can continue her education.

Before marriages are approved, judges are required to declare whether they are satisfied that the groom is both religiously and financially prepared for marriage.

In 2017, the Jordanian government made an amendment to Article 308 of the Criminal Code under Act No. 27 of 2017. Prior to this amendment, a rapist was allowed to marry his victim as it was viewed to be in her best interests. This amendment emphasizes that all marriages are prohibited without full and free consent and the court must confirm the consent and legal age of marriage at 18. Since the legislative change, Sharia judges have been trained to support that all marriages are by consent, choice and freedom.