Niger

76% of girls in Niger marry or enter a union before 18 and 28% marry before age 15.

6% of boys in Niger marry before age 18.

Child marriage is most prevalent in Maradi (where 89% of women aged 20-24 year were already married by age 18), Zinder (87%), Diffa (82%) and Tahoua (76%). Girls as young as 10 years in some regions are married, and after the age of 25 only a handful of young women are unmarried.

Child marriage is more prevalent among the Hausa people.

A 2017 World Bank/ICRW study estimated that ending child marriage in Niger could generated more than USD 188 million in additional gains and productivity.

Child marriage is driven by gender inequality and the belief that girls and women are somehow inferior to boys and men.

In Niger, child marriage is also exacerbated by:

● Violence against women and girls: Plan International found in 2018 that in the region of Niger most affected by the Lake Chad Basin crisis – Diffa – child marriage rates are as high as 89%. Marriage is seen as a protective mechanism for daughters against potential predators in a context of insecurity and widespread violence, including sexual violence against women and girls.

● Conflict and crises: In July 2023, Niger’s first democratically elected President Mohamed Bazoum was ousted in a military government-led coup – he remains in detention at the start of 2024. Widespread disapproval from the international community has seen funding to Niger withdrawn from the EU, AU and ECOWAS among other bodies and nations. This has the potential to increase poverty and national instability: two risk factors that could drive even more families to marry off their daughters for financial security and safety. Poverty: Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Food shortages, a harsh natural environment and frequent droughts drive some families to marry off their daughters to men of wealth as a survival tactic, and in the hope of increasing their economic and social prosperity. Child marriage has also reportedly been used by families to “settle debts”. However, there are still high prevalence rates of child marriage even within the richest households (51%), indicating that household wealth is only one factor contributing to child marriage in Niger.

● Gender norms: The primary role of girls in Niger is to become wives and mothers. They have little say in decisions that affect them, both on the lead up to and during marriages. Child brides are judged on how respectful and obedient they are, how well they care for their mother-in-law and how they treat their husbands.

● Level of education: 84% of women aged 20-24 with no education and 67% with only primary education were married at age 18, compared to 32% of women with secondary education or higher. Many girls drop out of school or are excluded due to an unsafe environment. This places them at heightened risk of marrying young due to limited alternative options.

● Harmful practices: Arranged marriages in Niger are very common. Frequently, the girl has no idea who the prospective husband is and the arrangement is made between the parents of the girl and the prospective husband or his parents. The payment of bride price is an essential part of marriage.

● Custom and Religion: Certain Islamic interpretations are being used to justify child marriage in Niger and resist legislative and policy changes. Customary and Sharia (Islamic law) have a very strong influence in Niger, including in the process of marriage. Over 90% of Nigeriens are Muslim and the majority live in rural areas. Many families chose to marry their children under customary or religious law, in part because the girl’s age is not requested. Determining children’s ages is a major problem due to the paucity of birth registrations.

● Family honour: Child marriage is perceived as a means to protect a girl’s dignity and preserve her virginity. The fear of dishonour from pregnancy outside of marriage is aggravated by the high levels of sexual violence against women and girls in the country. In certain areas, including rural Marake, some people reportedly believe that girls should be married before their first period, as bloodstained clothing may be perceived as loss of virginity which brings shame to families.

● Rural context: Although child marriage rates are high throughout the country, 80% of women aged 20-24 reside in rural areas of Niger and they are particularly at risk of child marriage. 84.6% of women aged 20-24 living in rural areas were married by 18, compared to 43.5% in urban areas.

● Polygamy: Child brides in Niger are most likely to be second, third or fourth wives, as younger brides are considered more attractive and obedient. The practice of wahaya involves the purchase of one or more girls, usually of slave descent, under the guise of a “fifth wife”. In Niger, a man can legally have up to four legal wives and then any number of “fifth wives”, who have a different status closer to that of a domestic and sexual slave. Many fifth wives have been trafficked as young girls from rural regions across West Africa to the houses of richer, older, urban males. This was highlighted as a form of slavery by the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery in 2015.

● Cultural norms: Married girls are said to enjoy a certain level of respect within society they cannot achieve if unmarried, regardless of how successful they may become professionally.

● COVID-19: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on some of the poorest households and has exacerbated the vulnerability of children. The pandemic exposed the vulnerable families to loss of financial income, pushing them further into poverty and exclusion.

Humanitarian settings can encompass a wide range of situations before, during and after natural disasters, conflicts, and epidemics. They exacerbate poverty, insecurity, and lack of access to services such as education, factors which all drive child marriage. While gender inequality is a root cause of child marriage in both stable and crisis context, often in times of crisis, families see child marriage as a way to cope in a greater economic hardship and to protect girls from violence. Niger’s ongoing coup carries with it numerous risks: greater poverty due to international funding withdrawal; increased conflict tied to demonstrations or foreign interventions to restore democratic order; and greater desperation.

Niger is the last-ranking country in the Human Development Index. More than 4.3 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance due to chronic food insecurity, conflict, drought and seasonal floods. In addition, the situation in Niger has worsened in recent years, due to escalating violence that has spread across some West and Central African countries. Clashes between government forces and armed groups linked to ISIL and al-Qaeda compromised the education and health systems and forced thousands to flee their homes. This has led to increased rates of school dropouts and violence against women and girls, including child marriage.

● Displacement: In November 2023, there were more than 335,000 internally displaced persons (mainly from Nigeria) and 325,000 refugees and asylum-seekers (mainly from Mali and Nigeria) in Niger. In the refugee camps concentrated in the Southern part of the country, girls are usually married off to much older men who in some circumstances leave their child brides behind in pursuit of opportunities outside the region or country. The initial idea of child marriage as a “protective mechanism” in a context with limited options for girls becomes irrelevant as a large number of girls once married are then abandoned with children and are again left vulnerable.

Niger has committed to ending child, early and forced marriage by 2030 in line with target 5.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

In its 2018 National Voluntary Review at the High Level Political Forum, Niger reported on some of the changes in rates of child marriage and legislative reforms related to the legal age of marriage. The government submitted a Voluntary National Review at the 2021 High Level Political Forum but there was no mention of child marriage. The government has not submitted a Voluntary National Review in any High Level Political Forum since.

In July 2021, at the Generation Equality Forum in Paris, Niger committed to a 5-year action journey to accelerate gender equality by 2026. The $40 million USD investment will include the development of legal and social change to end gender-based violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation in Togo, Benin, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso.

Niger co-sponsored the 2015 resolution to end child, early and forced marriage, recognising that it is a violation of human rights, and the 2018 UN General Assembly resolution on child, early and forced marriage. Niger also signed a joint statement at the 2014 Human Rights Council calling for a resolution on child marriage.

Niger ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, which the Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted to recommend the establishment of a minimum age of marriage of 18, and acceded to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1999, which obligates states to ensure free and full consent to marriage. However, Niger expressed reservations to, among others, certain provisions of Articles 2 and 16 CEDAW.

During its 2017 review, the CEDAW Committee raised concerns about displaced girls who are at risk of child marriage. It recommended that the government collect data on incidences of child marriage, specifically criminalise the practice of wahaya, provide training for judges, prosecutors and the police to ensure perpetrators of child marriage are effectively punished, and develop and implement a national plan of action to combat child marriage.

In 2018, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed deep concerns about the overwhelming number of marriages concluded through customary law, and that the statutory laws establish the minimum age of marriage for girls at 15 years. The Committee urged Niger to regulate its customary laws and practices and to revise its statutory laws to raise the minimum age of marriage for girls to 18 years, as well as develop awareness-raising campaigns and programmes on the harmful effects of child marriage.

During its 2021 Universal Periodic Review, it was recognised that as a part of the Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD), five Future Husbands’ Clubs were set up across the country to support young men and boys’ knowledge and skills relating to sexual and reproductive health and nurture positive attitudes towards gender relations. This project targeted 10,000 young men and boys between the ages of 15 and 24 over a three-year period.

During Niger’s 2016 Universal Periodic Review, concerns were raised about persistently high rates of child marriage and insufficient protection of migrants and refugees from smugglers and human traffickers. Niger supported recommendations to adopt a Family Law to protect girls from child marriage, increase the minimum legal age for marriage to 18 and implement a comprehensive strategy to eliminate the practice.

In 1999 Niger ratified the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, including Article 21 regarding the prohibition of child marriage.

In 2004 Niger signed, but has not yet ratified, the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, including Article 6 which sets the minimum age for marriage as 18.

In 2014 Niger launched the African Union Campaign to End Child Marriage under the theme “Obstetric fistula: Zero tolerance!”

As a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Niger has adopted the Strategic Framework for Strengthening National Child Protection Systems under which protecting children from marriage is a priority. In June 2019, the ECOWAS Heads of State endorsed the ECOWAS Child Policy and Strategic Action Plan and the 2019-2030 Roadmap on prevention and response to child marriage.

In addition, in July 2019, the ECOWAS First Ladies signed the “The Niamey Declaration: Call to End Child Marriage and to promote the Education and empowerment of Girls”, calling Member States to initiate legislative, institutional and budgetary reforms to implement the Roadmap.

Niger is one of the countries where the Spotlight Initiative (a global, multi-year partnership between European Union and United Nations) is supporting efforts to end all forms of sexual and gender-based violence and harmful practices against women and girls. Between 2019 and 2020, the European Union has invested $17 million USD. The funds have been distributed as follows:

Policy: Evaluating gender-based legislative and customary frameworks to identify any barriers.

Institution: Monitoring national and local public policies on violence against women and girls and advocating to increase budgets dedicated to the elimination of violence against women and girls.

Prevention: Training a network of 80 religious leaders and 80 political leaders to promote and protect the rights of women and girls as well as using mobile caravans to engage religious and community leaders to reach rural women.

Data: Establishing a system to collect, analyse and use quality data on violence against women and girls and harmful practices to inform evidence-based decision-making.

Women’s movement and civil society: Encouraging intergenerational dialogue and support involvement of women’s organizations and marginalized groups.

Niger is a partner country of the Global Partnership for Education (GPE).

Gender inequality and child marriage remain taboo and are highly politicised in Niger. Many initiatives taken to end the practice are blocked by specific social groups or religious leaders. However, the situation has improved in recent years. As reported by UN Women, the President Issoufou Mahamadou, declared in 2017 that he would no longer tolerate child marriage in the country. But this commitment is yet to be formalised since the bill to raise the minimum age for marriage is still being debated.

In 2021, the African Girls Summit held in Niamey, established partnerships with girl-led organizations to empower girls. These organizations carried out advocacy and social mobilization actions for the elimination of child marriage and gender-based violence.

Niger is a focus country of the UNICEF-UNFPA Global Programme to Accelerate Action to End Child Marriage, a multi-donor, multi-stakeholder programme working across 12 countries over fifteen years.

In the 2022 annual report of the Global Programme to end child marriage established:

19,603 adolescent girls participated in life-skills training.

3,000 girls were supported in enrolling or remaining in full time primary and secondary education. This follows work conducted in 2020 through the National Strategy for the Acceleration of Girls and Women’s Education and Training (SNAEFF) which enabled 6,000 out of school girls to return to education.

15,165 boys participated in dialogues surrounding positive masculinities and gender norms.

94,870 boys and girls participated in dialogues surrounding girls’ rights, gender equality and child marriage. This builds on 12,471 girls who received knowledge and skills on human rights, sexual and reproductive health, hygiene, sanitation and harmful practices in 2020.

In 2018, as part of the UNICEF-UNFPA Global Programme 159 village committees were set up (bringing the total number of villages with committees to 575 since 2015), where the community was able to attend one-year educational sessions on child marriage and children’s rights. All the communities made a public declaration of the abandonment of harmful traditional practices against women and children, especially child marriage, and developed action plans

In 2018, a costed National Action Plan (NAP) to End Child Marriage was developed. The process was led by the National Coordinating Committee, established in 2016 by the Ministry for the Promotion of Women and Child Protection, with technical support and funding from the UNICEF-UNFPA Global Programme. However, as of 2020 there is limited information on the implementation of the National Action Plan.

As a follow up to the launch of the African Union Campaign to Child Marriage in 2014, Niger hosted a First Ladies Forum on child marriage in 2017, which was attended by First Ladies from West African states. In 2019, Niger hosted the African Union Summit, where the ECOWAS First Ladies renewed their commitment to prioritise child marriage in the region.

Other policy initiatives addressing child marriage in Niger include:

● The National Strategy for the Prevention and Management of Gender-based Violence and its related action plan: it includes one strategic pillar which addresses child marriage and an action plan for the reduction of early pregnancies.

● The National Strategy on Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancies: it calls for a reduction in child marriages from 76.3% in 2012 to 60% in 2020.

● The Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021): it makes girls’ education one of its priorities, with a view to reduce child marriage.

● The National Action Plan on the Promotion of Interventions for Adolescents (2016-2019): launched in February 2015, it covered issues of child marriage and other harmful traditional practices.

The UNFPA programme Action for Adolescent Girls was launched in 2013 and worked with the government to tackle the causes and effects of child marriage. The programme provided married and unmarried girls with life skills, sexual and reproductive health information and birth certificates.

Under the Civil Code 1993 the minimum legal age of marriage is 15 years for girls and 18 years for boys.However minors can be married before those ages with parental consent, and the President may grant age exemptions for serious reasons.

However it is worth noting that the majority of unions take place under customary law.