Kazakhstan

7% of girls in Kazakhstan marry before the age of 18.

Child marriage is most prevalent in Zhambyl, Pavlodar and North Kazakhstan, where 11% of women aged 20-49 were married before the age of 18.

Reliable statistics are only available for formally registered marriages and do not include informal or religious unions that take place.

Child marriage is driven by gender inequality and the belief that women and girls are somehow inferior to men and boys.

In Kazakhstan, child marriage is also driven by:

Poverty: Girls in Kazakhstan’s poorest households are twice as likely to marry before the age of 18 than those in the richest households.

Ethnicity: Child marriages are more common among Russian and other minority groups rather than the majority Kazakhs. This is often due to less awareness on sexual and reproductive health and more tolerant attitudes towards pre-marital sex, cohabitation and informal unions.

Power dynamics: 40% of currently married 15-19 year old girls have a spouse who is between five and nine years older than them, suggesting a high value placed on young girls.

Gender norms: In districts with high ethnic minority communities, including Turks, Uighurs and Dungans, stereotypes regarding women’s subordinate status and the practice of bride price drive some families to marry off their daughters.

Bride kidnapping: Despite being prohibited by law, bride kidnapping and forced marriages are prevalent in Kazakhstan. In December 2019, in Turkestan, a 20 year old girl was kidnapped by three men. She was taken to the village of Kentau where she was forced to marry a man she did not know. Upon refusing to marry him she was raped and physically assaulted. The investigation was completed in January 2020 and two men were convicted and sentenced to eight years in prison.

Kazakhstan has committed to ending child, early and forced marriage by 2030 in line with target 5.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The government submitted a Voluntary National Review at the 2022 High Level Political Forum. In this review, the government noted that in the updated Concept of Family and Gender Policy issues such as child marriage, domestic violence and gender equality are being addressed.

Kazakhstan co-sponsored the 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2022 UN General Assembly resolutions on child, early and forced marriage, and signed a joint statement at the 2014 Human Rights Council calling for a resolution on child marriage. Kazakhstan also co-sponsored the following Human Rights Council resolutions: the 2015 resolution to end child, early and forced marriage, recognising that it is a violation of human rights, the 2017 resolution recognising the need to address child, early and forced marriage in humanitarian contexts, and the 2023 resolution on ending and preventing forced marriage.

Kazakhstan ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1994, which the Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted to recommend the establishment of a minimum age of marriage of 18, and acceded to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1998, which obligates states to ensure free and full consent to marriage.

During its 2019 review, the CEDAW Committee expressed concerns about the high prevalence of child marriage, especially unregistered religious marriages, and bride kidnapping. The Committee recommended Kazakhstan to intensify its efforts to prevent and eliminate these practices, ban the religious registration of marriages of girls under the age of 18 years, and strengthen awareness-raising campaigns.

During its 2019 Universal Periodic Review, Kazakhstan agreed to review recommendations to strengthen its efforts to protect children from all forms of violence, including sexual violence and child, early and forced marriage.

During its 2014 Universal Periodic Review, Kazakhstan supported recommendations to address child marriage by encouraging girls to continue education beyond secondary level and establishing laws to eliminate the practice.

The National Commission for Women, Family and Demographic Policy have expressed interest and are discussing integrating and harmonising into legislation the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). In 2024, a new law was passed, strengthening protections from violence for women and children.

Under the Marriage and Family Code 2011, the minimum legal age of marriage is 18 years and both the woman and man must voluntarily provide consent. Under Article 10 of the Family Code, the legal minimum age may be reduced to 16 years old in cases of pregnancy or mutual agreement by parents/guardians.