Gambia

23.1% of girls in The Gambia marry or enter a union before the age of 18 and 5.6% marry before age 15.

The lowest median age at first marriage for women aged 20-49 are in Kuntaur and Basse.

The highest rates of child marriage for women are found in Janjanbureh (55%), Basse and Mansakonko (47%), Kuntaur (44%), Kerewan (41%).

The highest rates of child marriage for men are found in Kuntaur (5%), Janjanbureh (2%), Kerewan (2%) and Basse (1%).

Child marriage is prevalent within the Sarahule (46%), Fula (45%) and Wollof (34%) ethnic groups.

Child marriage is driven by gender inequality and the belief that girls and women are somehow inferior to men and boys.

In The Gambia, child marriage is also driven by:

● Level of education: Girls without education tend to marry at a younger age than those who have completed primary or secondary school. 51% of women with no education were married as children, compared to only 10% with higher education.

● Poverty: Girls from The Gambia’s poorest households are more likely to marry as children (49%), compared to girls in the richest households (19%). Prospective husbands often give their parents money or jewellery or make promises, such as sending them to Mecca, in order to secure marriages.

● Pre-marital sex: Some parents reportedly marry off their daughters in order to avoid them becoming pregnant before marriage. Child marriage is also commonly perceived to offer some form of child protection in that it prevents girls from being propelled into sex work.

● Gender norms: Child marriage is generally considered a positive part of life and tradition in society, which is perceived to prepare girls for life.

The Gambia has committed to ending child, early and forced marriage by 2030 in line with target 5.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The government submitted a Voluntary National Review at the 2022 High Level Political Forum. In this review, the government noted that child, early and forced marriage has been a hinderance in achieving quality education. It was also noted that in the National Development Plan of 2021, the government showed progress in reducing harmful practices such as FGM/C, child marriage and gender-based violence. The government noted that child marriage rates in Gambia are declining and this could be due to the enactment of the Women Act 2010.

In 2022, CEDAW Committee commended the efforts of the government in establishing programmes to promote girls’ education to increase the enrolment rate among girls. It was noted that the high illiteracy rates and high dropout rates were exacerbated by child marriage and adolescent pregnancy.

During its 2019 Universal Periodic Review, The Gambia supported recommendations to strengthen efforts to fully implement the existing legislation aimed at preventing child marriages, and undertake awareness-raising campaigns, in particular among traditional and religious leaders.

The Gambia co-sponsored the 2019 Human Rights Council resolution on the consequences of child marriage, and the 2016 and 2018 UN General Assembly resolutions on child, early and forced marriage.

As a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), in 2017 The Gambia adopted the Strategic Framework for Strengthening National Child Protection Systems under which protecting children from marriage is a priority. In June 2019, the ECOWAS Heads of State endorsed the ECOWAS Child Policy and Strategic Action Plan and the 2019-2030 Roadmap on prevention and response to child marriage.

In addition, in July 2019, the ECOWAS First Ladies signed “The Niamey Declaration: Call to End Child Marriage and to promote the Education and empowerment of Girls”, calling Member States to initiate legislative, institutional and budgetary reforms to implement the Roadmap.

In 2016 Gambia launched the African Union Campaign to End Child Marriage in Africa.

In 2014, The Gambia signed a joint statement at the Human Rights Council calling for a resolution on child marriage.

The Gambia ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, which the Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted to recommend the establishment of a minimum age of marriage of 18, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1993, which obligates states to ensure free and full consent to marriage.

During its 2014 Universal Periodic Review, The Gambia agreed to examine recommendations to enact laws prohibiting child marriage and to raise the minimum age of marriage to 18.

In 2000 The Gambia ratified the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, including Article 21 regarding the prohibition of child marriage. In 2005 The Gambia ratified the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, including Article 6 which sets the minimum age for marriage as 18.

The Gambia is a partner country of the Global Partnership for Education (GPE).

On 16 June 2016, The Gambia launched the African Union campaign to end child marriage in Africa. The government also declared June 2016 as “the month on ending child marriage” and organised a nation-wide sensitisation campaign under the leadership of the First Lady Madam Zineb Jammeh.

With support from UNICEF, the Gambian Women’s Bureau has been working closely with Tostan, an international NGO, to engage communities through the Community Empowerment Programme (CEP). The CEP empowers girls so they can make their own decisions and supports community members to take a more active role in ending child marriage and other harmful traditional practices.

In July 2016, the Children’s (Amendment) Act was enacted, which prohibited child marriage and establishes the minimum age for marriage as 18 years.

However, there is no minimum age of marriage under Islamic Sharia law, which is the dominant tradition governing family law in The Gambia.