Côte d'Ivoire

26% of girls in Côte d’Ivoire marry or enter a union before the age of 18 and 7% marry before the age of 15.

2% of boys in Côte d’Ivoire marry before the age of 18.

Child marriage is most prevalent in the North (where 52% of women aged 20-49 were married before the age of 18) and the North West (48%), and among the Gur and Autre Ivoirien ethnic groups.

Child marriage may be more prevalent than current estimates indicate. Only half of all births are registered in Côte d’Ivoire, making it difficult to determine the exact ages of millions of girls.

Child marriage is driven by gender inequality and the belief that women and girls are somehow inferior to men and boys.

In Côte d’Ivoire, child marriage is also driven by:

● Poverty: 50% of women in Côte d’Ivoire’s poorest households were married as children, compared to only 14% in the richest households. Child marriage is often used as a survival tactic, especially when families cannot afford to send girls to school. Some girls reportedly engage in prostitution in order to pay for education.

● Level of education: 43% of women with no education were married before the age of 18, compared to only 12% who had completed secondary education or higher. There are relatively few secondary schools in Côte d’Ivoire and many girls have to board or find temporary accommodation in order to attend. This leaves them vulnerable to sexual violence and marriage to perpetrators.

● Cultural norms: Community and religious leaders have historically promoted child marriage. Many communities still abide by longstanding practices rather than national child marriage laws and hide child marriages from authorities. There is still a lack of awareness about the harmful impact of child marriage on girls.

● Gender norms: Many families view child marriage as a protective mechanism for their daughters that will protect them from violence and reduce their household expenses by ensuring that another family is able to provide for their daughter.

● Adolescent pregnancy: 1 in 4 (27%) women in Cote d'Ivoire had their first child before the age of 18. Pregnancies are exacerbated by inadequate sexual and reproductive health education. Many girls are forced to marry when they become pregnant.

● Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): FGM/C is prevalent in the northwest of Cote d'Ivoire. The pressure to marry young is also supported by the practice of FGM/C as families believe that it will improve girls’ marriageability.

COVID-19: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on some of the poorest households and has exacerbated the vulnerability of children. The pandemic exposed vulnerable families to loss of financial income, pushing them further into poverty and exclusion. In April 2020, a survey indicated that there had been a 71% income decrease and families were unable to meet their basic living expenses. Increased levels of poverty and severe food insecurity further exposed vulnerable families to child marriage and sexual and gender-based violence.

Côte d’Ivoire has committed to ending child, early and forced marriage by 2030 in line with target 5.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The government has not submitted a Voluntary National Review in any High Level Political Forum.

Côte d’Ivoire co-sponsored the 2016, 2020 and 2022 UN General Assembly resolutions on child, early and forced marriage, and the 2013 and 2015 Human Rights Council resolutions on child, early and forced marriage. In 2014, Côte d’Ivoire signed a joint statement at the Human Rights Council calling for a resolution on child marriage.

Côte d’Ivoire ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991, which the Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted to recommend the establishment of a minimum age of marriage of 18, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1995, which obligates states to ensure free and full consent to marriage.

In 2019, the CEDAW Committee expressed concerns about the prevalence of child marriage and the lack of implementation of the national action plan on child marriage. It recommended Côte d’Ivoire to remove exceptions to the minimum age of marriage, raise awareness and allocate sufficient resources to implement measures to prevent child marriage and to protect victims.

In 2019, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed concerns about the limited geographic scope of measures against child marriage and the limited information on protection schemes available to children, particularly girls, who are victims of or at risk of child marriage. The Committee urged Côte d’Ivoire to expedite the adoption of the draft law on marriage to remove all exceptions that allow child marriage and take active measures to put an end to this practice.

Both Committees called for measures to protect women and child rights defenders, including those advocating against child marriage, who are subjected to intimidation, harassment and threats.

During its 2014 Universal Periodic Review, concerns were raised about the lack of attention given to the persistence of forced marriage. Côte d’Ivoire supported recommendations to increase targeted, comprehensive measures to eliminate child marriage, including through education. During its 2019 Universal Periodic Review, Cote d'Ivoire supported recommendations to strengthen efforts to prevent and combat all harmful practices against women and girls, including child, early and forced marriage.

In December 2017, Côte d’Ivoire launched the African Union Campaign to End Child Marriage.

In 2002 Côte d’Ivoire ratified the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, including Article 21 regarding the prohibition of child marriage. In 2011 Côte d’Ivoire ratified the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, including Article 6 which sets the minimum age for marriage as 18.

As a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), in 2017 Cote d’Ivoire adopted the Strategic Framework for Strengthening National Child Protection Systems under which protecting children from marriage is a priority. In June 2019, the ECOWAS Heads of State endorsed the ECOWAS Child Policy and Strategic Action Plan and the 2019-2030 Roadmap on prevention and response to child marriage.

In addition, in July 2019, the ECOWAS First Ladies signed “The Niamey Declaration: Call to End Child Marriage and to Promote the Education and Empowerment of Girls”, calling Member States to initiate legislative, institutional and budgetary reforms to implement the Roadmap.

In 2019, at the Nairobi Summit on ICPD25, Côte d’Ivoire committed to reducing the child marriage rate to 15% in 2030.

Cote d'Ivoire is a pathfinder country for the Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children and partner country of the Global Partnership for Education (GPE).

Instead of being treated as a specific issue within government policy, child marriage is included under the umbrella of gender-based violence.

The Ministry of Women, Child Welfare and Solidarity established a Gender Unit to ensure that gender is considered in all programmes, policies and practices.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the government has implemented several policies to address gender-based violence, including establishing a hotline for survivors of gender-based violence, a health response plan, and media awareness campaigns.

In 2020, the government launched a national distance learning programme which allowed teachers and community elders to monitor students who are at risk of child marriage, adolescent pregnancy or violence during the pandemic.

In 2020, the government adopted the Gender in Education Policy and Action Plan to promote gender equality, and ensure that girls stay in education by building schools in areas that have a high prevalence of child marriage.

From 2013-2015, the government created a plan to accelerate the fight to end child marriage and adolescent pregnancy. The plan included engaging community and religious leaders in Abidjan, Man and Bondoukou to increase sensitivity towards the issue. President Alassane Ouattara supported the initiative and planned to finance a media campaign to encourage women to engage in politics and advocacy. However, the plan has yet to be implemented due to a lack of resources and budget.

Most cases of child marriage are handled by a “Centre Social,” which works with families to identify solutions and manage cases. They often coordinate with local “Centres d’acceuil” (welcome centres), which provide a variety of services including childcare, vaccinations, nutrition courses, and health services.

In 2014 an unprecedented ruling sentenced a father to a year in prison for attempting to marry off his 11-year-old daughter. He was also fined an amount equivalent to six months of the country’s minimum wage.

In recent years, the Embassy of Canada to Côte d’Ivoire has been working with the Réseau Ivorien pour la Défense des Droits de l’Enfant et de la Femme (RIDDEF), a local NGO, to raise awareness in communities and mobilise community members, religious leaders, teachers and parents to challenge attitudes and beliefs and end child marriage.

In March 2019, the Council of Ministers of Côte d’Ivoire approved a bill to amend the Marriage Law, of 1983 which sets the minimum age of consent for marriage at 18 years for both girls and boys and removes special dispensations to the minimum age of marriage. This amendment has been presented to the Parliament, adopted, and became law following its promulgation by the President.